Nejprve si připomeneme, o jaká slovesa se jedná. Slovesa s koncovkou -EN
(nemluvíme-li ovšem o minulém příčestí některých nepravidelných
sloves jako např. WRITTEN, GOTTEN, FORGOTTEN, RIDDEN, DRIVEN, TAKEN apod.)
vyjadřují změnu stavu. Nejčastěji se tvoří
z přídavného jména:
Takto však nelze vytvářet nová slova z jakéhokoliv přídavného
jména. U některých ano, ale u většiny ne. Např. greenen, narrowen, cheerfullen či largen prostě neexistují. Potom musíme
pro vyjádření změny stavu použít jiné prostředky. Nejčastěji např.
vazbu s MAKE / BECOME (viz článek Změna stavu –
slovesa BECOME, GET, GO…).
green – become/turn green (He turned green
with envy.) narrow – narrow (His eyes narrowed.) cheerful – cheer up (My friends tried to cheer
me up.) large – enlarge (Can you enlarge this picture a
little?)
Nyní již přehled sloves s koncovkou -EN. Bude rozdělen na tři skupiny
podle důležitosti. Každý přehled si můžete importovat do programu Word
Manager nebo se z něho nechat prozkoušet zdarma zde. Za každým přehledem
uvedu několik příkladových vět.
Verbs ending in -EN 1. část
blacken
- zčernat
BrE
/'blækən/
AmE
/'blækən/
verb
-
to become black
brighten
- rozjasnit se, zjasnit, zesvětlat
BrE
/'braɪtən/
AmE
/'braɪtən/
verb
-
to become bright, to become brighter
broaden
- rozšířit, rozšířit se
BrE
/'brɔ:dən/
AmE
/'brɔ:dən/
verb
-
to make broader, to become broader
darken
- stmívat se, potemnět, tmavnout, ztmavnout
BrE
/'dɑ:kən/
AmE
/'dɑ:rkən/
verb
-
to become darker
deepen
- prohloubit (se)
BrE
/'di:pən/
AmE
/'di:pən/
verb
-
to make something deeper, to become deeper
harden
- ztvrdnout, zpevnit se
BrE
/'hɑ:dən/
AmE
/'hɑ:rdən/
verb
-
to become harder
lengthen
- prodloužit, prodloužit se
BrE
/'leŋθən/
AmE
verb
-
to make sth longer, to become longer
lighten
- zesvětlit, prosvětlit, osvětlit
BrE
/'laɪtn/
AmE
/'laɪt̬n/
verb
-
to give more light or brightness, to become or make something lighter and brighter
You could see where fire blackened the
ground. His eyes brightened when we started
talking about our trip. You need to broaden the topic a little.
Your essay is too short. The sky darkened as the end of the day
approached. Our friendship was deepening every day
and I didn't want to say anything that could jeopardize it. “I won't listen to this!” his voice
hardened. The skirt is too short. I'll need to have it
shortened. Our mood lightened. Everything was going
to be alright, it seemed. I decided to shorten the trip by a few
days. Wait for the butter to soften in room
temperature. We need to strengthen our position on the
market. The sauce will thicken if you let it cool
slightly. Her illness had weakened her so she spent
most of the day resting. You can choose from a variety of toothpaste with
whitening effect. His smile widened when he saw
me.
Verbs ending in -EN 2. část
fatten
- ztloustnout, vykrmit (aby ztloustl)
BrE
/'fætən/
AmE
/'fæt̬ən/
verb
-
to become fat, to make something fatter
flatten
- narovnat, uhladit, zploštit
BrE
/'flætən/
AmE
/'flæt̬ən/
verb
-
to make/become flat
freshen
- osvěžit, občerstvit
BrE
/'freʃən/
AmE
/'freʃən/
verb
-
to make something fresh, to become fresh
frighten
- vystrašit, postrašit, vyděsit
BrE
/'fraɪtn/
AmE
/'fraɪtn/
verb
-
to make somebody terrified or scared
heighten
- zvýšit, zvětšit
BrE
/'haɪtən/
AmE
/'haɪt̬ən/
verb
-
to make/become higher
loosen
- povolit, uvolnit
BrE
/'lu:sn/
AmE
/'lu:sn/
verb
-
to make something less tight, to make something not fixed
moisten
- navlhčit, zvlhčit
BrE
/'mɔɪstən/
AmE
/'mɔɪstən/
verb
-
to make something slightly wet
quicken
- zrychlit, zrychlit se
BrE
/'kwɪkən/
AmE
/'kwɪkən/
verb
-
to make sth quicker, to become quicker
quieten
- ztišit se, zklidnit se
BrE
/'kwaɪətən/
AmE
/'kwaɪət̬ən/
verb
-
to make/become quieter
redden
- zčervenat, zrudnout
BrE
/'redən/
AmE
/'redən/
verb
-
to make/become red
roughen
- zdrsnit, zhrubnout
BrE
/'rʌfən/
AmE
/'rʌfən/
verb
-
to make/become rougher
sadden
- zesmutnět
BrE
/'sædən/
AmE
/'sædən/
verb
-
to make/become sad
sharpen
- naostřit, ořezat (např. tužku)
BrE
/'ʃɑ:pən/
AmE
/'ʃɑ:rpən/
verb
-
to make/ become sharp
straighten
- narovnat
BrE
/'streɪtn/
AmE
/'streɪtn/
verb
-
to make straight, to make direct
sweeten
- osladit
BrE
/'swi:tn/
AmE
/'swi:t̬n/
verb
-
to add sugar into something
tighten
- napnout
BrE
/'taɪtn/
AmE
/'taɪt̬n/
verb
-
to make something tighter
toughen
- ztuhnout, ztužit
BrE
/'tʌfən/
AmE
/'tʌfən/
verb
-
to make/become tough
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My grandparents fattened a pig every
year and then at Christmas we would all eat it. The website shows exercises to flatten
the stomach. The thunderstorm freshened the
air. You frightened me! The assassination heightened the tension
between the two countries. The atmosphere slowly loosened up and
everyone started having fun. She stopped to moisten her lips and then
went on talking. My pulse quickened. The storm finally quietened down and it
stopped raining. There were tears in her reddened
eyes. Tree bark usually roughens with
age. He was saddened over the death of his
mother. This crayon needs sharpening. You can straighten you hair with a hair
straightener. I bought some sweetened whipped cream.
Do you want some in your coffee? Please check that the bolts are tightened
properly. Our school should toughen up the rules on
bullying.
Verbs ending in -EN 3. část
awaken
- probudit se, probudit
BrE
/ə'weɪkən/
AmE
/ə'weɪkən/
verb
-
to stop sleeping or to make somebody/something stop sleeping
coarsen
- zdrsnit, zdrsnět
BrE
/'kɔ:sən/
AmE
/'kɔ:rsən/
verb
-
to become/make coarse
dampen
- ztišit (např. pocity), ztlumit (např. pocity)
BrE
/'dæmpən/
AmE
/'dæmpən/
verb
-
to make something less strong, especially strong positive feelings
deaden
- utlumit, utišit (např. bolest)
BrE
/'dedən/
AmE
/'dedən/
verb
-
(of pain, sound etc.) to make/become duller, not as strong
deafen
- ohlušit
BrE
/'defən/
AmE
/'defən/
verb
-
(esp. of sound) to make someone deaf, to be so loud that you can't hear other things
Twe dwarves in the mines of Moria dug too deep and
awakened something ancient and terrible. The long war coarsened the people. We won't let the rain dampen our
spirits. They gave him some morphine to deaden the
pain. My heart stopped when I heard the
deafening scream from downstairs. The coach tried to embolden his team
before the match. It will take a few weeks and not much can be done to
hasten the process. We heard the heartening news that
everyone was alright. The priest refused to christen
Angela's baby because she wasn't married. Using contraception will lessen the risk
of an unwanted pregnancy. The speaker likened the situation to
driving on an icy road. I'm going to put up some posters in my room to
liven it up a little. Last night's football game was
maddeningly boring. He didn't bother to neaten his hair
before he ran out of the door. She ate all the tomatoes before they could fully
ripen. The wind was slackening but it kept on
raining heavily. I wear this jacket when I need to
smarten myself up. The dog's ears stiffened as he heard a
key in the lock. I know you love your cat, but your allergies are only
going to worsen if he stays.
Závěrem
Vidíte, že podobných slov je poměrně dost, ale na jejich význam se (až
na některé výjimky) dá přijít poměrně snadno i bez slovníku.
Bylo by dobré, aby přešla i do Vaší aktivní slovní zásoby, tedy
abyste je začali aktivně používat. Zkuste si vymyslet podobné věty, jako
jsou v příkladech. Tak se Vám budou lépe pamatovat.
Mgr. Marek Vít je spoluzakladatelem portálu Help for English a spoluautorem
několika výukových programů. Je držitelem certifikátu CPE a ocenění
Evropský učitel jazyků 2008. Má dlouholeté zkušenosti jako učitel (ZŠ,
SŠ i VŠ), soukromý lektor a překladatel.
Help for English
