Vydáno dne 22.01.2022
Přehled sloves s příponou -EN, která vyjadřují změnu stavu, stupně
či intenzity.
Slovesa s příponou -en vyjadřují změnu stavu, či spíše stupně nebo intenzity. Nejčastěji se tvoří z přídavného jména:
black → blacken –
zčernat
wide → widen –
rozšířit (se)
Někdy je musíme vytvořit z podstatného jména, ne z přídavného:
strong → strength
→ strengthen –
zesílit, posílit (nikoliv strong → strongen)
high → height→
heighten –
zvýšit, zvednout
Z takto vytvořených sloves lze vytvářet opět zpátky přídavná jména pomocí koncovek -ed nebo -ing.
white → whiten → whitened –
vybělený
white → whiten → whitening – bělící
Uvedeme si tři skupiny těchto sloves, kde jsou slova rozdělená podle úrovně. V první skupině jsou ta základnější, ve druhé jsou slovesa pro středně pokročilé, v poslední potom ta nejpokročilejší. Pod každou skupinou naleznete příklady použití.
blacken/'blækən/
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brighten/'braɪtn/
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broaden/'brɔ:dn/
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darken/'dɑ:kən/
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deepen/'di:pən/
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harden/'hɑ:dn/
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lengthen/'leŋθən/
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lighten/'laɪtn/
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shorten/'ʃɔ:tn/
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soften/'sɒfn/
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strengthen/'streŋθn/
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thicken/'θɪkən/
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weaken/'wi:kən/
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whiten/'waɪtn/
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widen/'waɪdn/
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You could see where the fire blackened the ground.
*16
His eyes brightened when we started talking about our trip.*17
You need to broaden the topic a little. Your essay is too short.*18
The sky darkened as the end of the day approached.*19
Our friendship was deepening every day and I didn't want to say anything that could jeopardize it.*20
‘I won't listen to this!’ his voice hardened.*21
These trousers are too long. I'll need to have them shortened.*22
Our mood lightened. Everything was going to be alright, it seemed.*23
I decided to shorten the trip by a few days.*24
Wait for the butter to soften in room temperature.*25
We need to strengthen our position on the market.*26
The sauce will thicken if you let it cool slightly.*27
Her illness had weakened her so she spent most of the day resting.*28
You can choose from a variety of whitening toothpastes.*29
His smile widened when he saw me.*30
fatten/'fætn/
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flatten/'flætn/
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freshen/'freʃn/
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frighten/'fraɪtn/
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heighten/'haɪtn/
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loosen/'lu:sn/
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moisten/'mɔɪsn/
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quicken/'kwɪkən/
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quieten/'kwaɪətn/
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redden/'redn/
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roughen/'rʌfn/
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sadden/'sædn/
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sharpen/'ʃɑ:pən/
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straighten/'streɪtn/
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sweeten/'swi:tn/
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tighten/'taɪtn/
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toughen/'tʌfn/
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worsen/'wɜ:sn/
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My grandparents fattened a pig every year and then at Christmas we would all eat it.
*49
The website shows exercises to flatten the stomach.*50
The thunderstorm freshened the air.*51
The noise frightened me!*52
The assassination heightened the tension between the two countries.*53
The atmosphere slowly loosened up and everyone started having fun.*54
She stopped to moisten her lips and then went on talking.*55
My pulse quickened.*56
The storm finally quietened down and it stopped raining.*57
There were tears in her reddened eyes.*58
Tree bark usually roughens with age.*59
He was saddened over the death of his mother.*60
This crayon needs sharpening.*61
You can straighten your hair with a hair straightener.*62
I bought some sweetened whipped cream. Do you want some in your coffee?*63
Please check that the bolts are tightened properly.*64
Our school should toughen up the rules on bullying.*65
I know you love your cat, but your allergies are only going to worsen if he stays.*66
awaken/ə'weɪkən/
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coarsen/'kɔ:sn/
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dampen/'dæmpən/
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deaden/'dedn/
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deafen/'defn/
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embolden/ɪm'bəʊldən/
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hasten/'heɪsn/
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hearten/'hɑ:tn/
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christen/'krɪsn/
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lessen/'lesn/
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liken/'laɪkən/
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liven up/ˌlaɪvn'ʌp/
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madden/'mædn/
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neaten/'ni:tn/
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ripen/'raɪpən/
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slacken/'slækən/
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smarten up/ˌsmɑ:tn'ʌp/
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stiffen/'stɪfn/
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The dwarves in the mines of Moria dug too deep and awakened something ancient and terrible.
*85
The long war coarsened the people.*86
We won't let the rain dampen our spirits.*87
They gave him some morphine to deaden the pain.*88
My heart stopped when I heard the deafening scream from downstairs.*89
The coach tried to embolden his team before the match.*90
It will take a few weeks and not much can be done to hasten the process.*91
We heard the heartening news that everyone was alright.*92
The priest refused to christen Angela's baby because she wasn't married.*93
Using contraception will lessen the risk of an unwanted pregnancy.*94
The speaker likened the situation to driving on an icy road.*95
I'm going to put up some posters in my room to liven it up a little.*96
Last night's football game was maddeningly boring.*97
He didn't bother to neaten his hair before he ran out of the door.*98
She ate all the tomatoes before they could fully ripen.*99
The wind was slackening but it kept on raining heavily.*100
I wear this jacket when I need to smarten myself up.*101
The dog's ears stiffened as he heard a key in the lock.*102
Takto však nelze vytvářet nová slova z jakéhokoliv přídavného jména. U většiny to nejde. Slova greenen, narrowen, cheerfullen či largen prostě neexistují. Potom musíme pro vyjádření změny stavu či stupně/intenzity použít jiné prostředky.
The dire wolf became extinct thousands of years ago.
*103
The demonstration turned violent.*104
His eyes narrowed.
*105
He readied himself to face his enemy.*106
My friends tried to cheer me up.
*107
Please slow down. You're going too fast.*108
Can you enlarge the picture a little?
*109
She would never endanger the lives of her children.*110
U některých slov se dokonce kombinují dva způsoby vyjadřování změny stavu/intenzity. Např. slovíčko oživit, zpestřit, je enliven/ɪn'laɪvn/ (kombinace předpony en- a přípony -en), nebo liven up/ˌlaɪvn'ʌp/ (kombinace přípony -en a frázové částice up).
Více se o anglických příponách dočtete v článku Suffixes – přípony (třetí část).