Slovesa s příponou -EN

Slovesa s příponou -EN

Slovesa s příponou -en vyjadřují změnu stavu, či spíše stupně nebo intenzity. Nejčastěji se tvoří z přídavného jména:

• black → blacken – zčernat
• wide → widen – rozšířit (se)

Někdy je musíme vytvořit z podstatného jména, ne z přídavného:

• strong → strength → strengthen – zesílit, posílit (nikoliv strong → strongen)
• high → height→ heighten – zvýšit, zvednout

Z takto vytvořených sloves lze vytvářet opět zpátky přídavná jména pomocí koncovek -ed nebo -ing.

• white → whiten → whitened – vybělený
• white → whiten → whitening – bělicí

Uvedeme si tři skupiny těchto sloves, kde jsou slova rozdělená podle úrovně. V první skupině jsou ta základnější, ve druhé jsou slovesa pro středně pokročilé, v poslední potom ta nejpokročilejší. Pod každou skupinou naleznete příklady použití.

Pro méně pokročilé

You could see where the fire blackened the ground. ^*17
His eyes brightened when we started talking about our trip. ^*18
You need to broaden the topic a little. Your essay is too short. ^*19
The sky darkened as the end of the day approached. ^*20
Our friendship was deepening every day and I didn't want to say anything that could jeopardize it. ^*21
‘I won't listen to this!’ his voice hardened. ^*22
These trousers are too long. I'll need to have them shortened. ^*23
Our mood lightened. Everything was going to be alright, it seemed. ^*24
I decided to shorten the trip by a few days. ^*25
Wait for the butter to soften in room temperature. ^*26
We need to strengthen our position on the market. ^*27
The sauce will thicken if you let it cool slightly. ^*28
Her illness had weakened her so she spent most of the day resting. ^*29
You can choose from a variety of whitening toothpastes. ^*30
His smile widened when he saw me. ^*31
This crayon needs sharpening. ^*32 

Pro středně pokročilé

My grandparents fattened a pig every year and then at Christmas we would all eat it. ^*51
The website shows exercises to flatten the stomach. ^*52
The thunderstorm freshened the air. ^*53
The noise frightened me! ^*54
The assassination heightened the tension between the two countries. ^*55
The atmosphere slowly loosened up and everyone started having fun. ^*56
She stopped to moisten her lips and then went on talking. ^*57
My pulse quickened. ^*58
The storm finally quietened down and it stopped raining. ^*59
There were tears in her reddened eyes. ^*60
Tree bark usually roughens with age. ^*61
He was saddened over the death of his mother. ^*62
You can straighten your hair with a hair straightener. ^*63
I bought some sweetened whipped cream. Do you want some in your coffee? ^*64
Please check that the bolts are tightened properly. ^*65
Our school should toughen up the rules on bullying. ^*66
I know you love your cat, but your allergies are only going to worsen if he stays. ^*67 

Pro pokročilé

The dwarves in the mines of Moria dug too deep and awakened something ancient and terrible. ^*86
The long war coarsened the people. ^*87
We won't let the rain dampen our spirits. ^*88
They gave him some morphine to deaden the pain. ^*89
My heart stopped when I heard the deafening scream from downstairs. ^*90
The coach tried to embolden his team before the match. ^*91
It will take a few weeks and not much can be done to hasten the process. ^*92
We heard the heartening news that everyone was alright. ^*93
The priest refused to christen Angela's baby because she wasn't married. ^*94
Using contraception will lessen the risk of an unwanted pregnancy. ^*95
The speaker likened the situation to driving on an icy road. ^*96
I'm going to put up some posters in my room to liven it up a little. ^*97
Last night's football game was maddeningly boring. ^*98
He didn't bother to neaten his hair before he ran out of the door. ^*99
She ate all the tomatoes before they could fully ripen. ^*100
The wind was slackening but it kept on raining heavily. ^*101
I wear this jacket when I need to smarten myself up. ^*102
The dog's ears stiffened as he heard a key in the lock. ^*103 

Další způsoby vyjadřování změny stavu u sloves

Takto však nelze vytvářet nová slova z jakéhokoliv přídavného jména. U většiny to nejde. Slova greenen, narrowen, cheerfullen či largen prostě neexistují. Potom musíme pro vyjádření změny stavu či stupně/intenzity použít jiné prostředky.

Vazba se slovesy become, get, či jinými slovesy:

The dire wolf became extinct thousands of years ago. ^*104
The demonstration turned violent. ^*105 

Pozn.: Viz také články Změna stavu – slovesa BECOME, GET, GO nebo GET – změna stavu.

Přídavné jméno ve funkci slovesa:

His eyes narrowed. ^*106
He readied himself to face his enemy. ^*107 

Frázové sloveso, obvykle s částicí up či down:

My friends tried to cheer me up. ^*108
Please slow down. You're going too fast. ^*109 

Předpona en- u sloves:

Can you enlarge the picture a little? ^*110
She would never endanger the lives of her children. ^*111 

Pozn.: Více v článku Předpony EN- a EM- pro tvoření sloves.

U některých slov se dokonce kombinují dva způsoby vyjadřování změny stavu/intenzity. Např. slovíčko oživit, zpestřit, je enliven/ɪn'laɪvn­//in'lajvn//ɪn'laɪvn­//in'lajvn/ (kombinace předpony en- a přípony -en), nebo liven up/ˌlaɪvn'ʌp/­/ˌlajvn'ap//ˌlaɪv­n'ʌp//ˌlajvn'ap/ (kombinace přípony -en a frázové částice up).

Více se o anglických příponách dočtete v článku Suffixes – přípony (třetí část).